Information Technology

Image: Microsoft
Microsoft says the number of malicious web shells installed on web servers has almost doubled since its last count, last year in August 2020.

In a blog post yesterday, the Redmond company said it detected roughly 140,000 web shells per month between August 2020 and January 2021, up from the 77,000 average it reported last year.
The number has increased as a result of a shift in how hackers view web shells. Once considered a tool for script kiddies defacing websites and the go-to tool of DDoS botnet operators, web shells are now part of the arsenal of ransomware gangs and nation-state hackers alike and are crucial tools used in complex intrusions.
Two of the reasons they have become so popular is their versatility and access they provide to hacked servers.
Web shells, which are nothing more than simple scripts, can be written in almost any programming language that runs on a web server —such as PHP, ASP, JSP, or JS— and such, can be easily hidden inside a website’s source code. This makes detecting them a difficult operation, which often involves a manual analysis from a human operator.
In addition, web shells provide hackers with a simple way to execute commands on a hacked server via a graphical or command-line interface, providing attackers with a simple way to escalate attacks.
Web shells more prevalent as more servers are put online
As the corporate IT space has moved towards hybrid cloud environments, the number of companies running web servers has increased over the past few years, and, in many cases, public-facing servers often have direct connections to internal networks.

As Microsoft’s stats have shown, attackers appear to have figured out this change in the makeup of corporate IT networks as well, and have amped up their attacks on public-facing systems.
Web shells now play a crucial role in their attacks, providing a way to control the hacked server and then orchestrate a pivot to a target’s internal network.
These types of attacks are exactly what the US National Security Agency warned about in April 2020 when it published a list of 25 vulnerabilities that were often used to install web shells.
The NSA report didn’t just warn about web shells used on public-facing systems but also about their use inside internal networks, where they’re used as proxies to jump to non-public-facing systems.
Microsoft urges companies to re-prioritize their approach to dealing with web shells, which are slowly becoming one of today’s biggest security threat. As ways to keep networks secure, the OS maker recommends a few basic actions:
Patch public-facing systems, as most web shells are installed after attackers exploit unpatched vulnerabilities.
Extend antivirus protections to web servers, not just employee workstations.
Network segmentation to limit the damage of an infected server to a small array of systems and not the entire network.
Audit and review logs from web servers frequently, especially for public-facing systems, which are more vulnerable to scans and attacks.
Practice good credential hygiene. Limit the use of accounts with local or domain admin level privileges.
Check your perimeter firewall and proxy to restrict unnecessary access to services, including access to services through non-standard ports. More

Australia’s Consumer Data Right (CDR) officially launched on July 1 with the first tranche, an open banking-like regime, requiring financial services providers to share a customers’ data when requested by the customer.
While the first tranche of the CDR applies to the financial services industry, energy and telecommunications will soon join the regime.
Read more: Australia’s Consumer Data Right: Here’s everything you need to know
Data can only be shared with accredited data recipients (ADRs). But of concern to Australian Information and Privacy Commissioner Angelene Falk is that “big tech” has the ability to apply for ADR status.
“It’s currently open to large technology and social media companies to apply to be accredited as data recipients in the CDR scheme, however, I understand that none are currently accredited and I’m not aware of any specific use cases as to why they may wish to engage, so in a sense, I’m speaking in the abstract,” she said.
Appearing before the Senate Select Committee on Financial Technology and Regulatory Technology on Friday, Falk said one of the strong protections in the CDR system is consumer consent and the ability for individuals to exercise choice and control about how their data is handled.
She’s concerned that this may also give the technology giants access to more data than they already have.

“I think because of the rich data holdings that are held by some of the social media platforms, care would need to be taken to ensure that individuals understand what they’re consenting to if their Consumer Data Right information were to be combined with that [which is] perhaps is on their social media profile,” Falk said.
“Some of the risks I think are around the insights that could be derived from that information and it could include sensitive information and be used in ways that individuals might not expect.”
See also: NZ Privacy Commissioner labels Facebook as ‘morally bankrupt pathological liars’
She pondered whether the committee consider that a digital platform should have access to all data, or whether there be a condition that it not be combined with sensitive data the organisation may already hold.
“There’s other issues around the use of algorithms and artificial intelligence in the combining of data that may lack transparency for consumers and be difficult to explain … [they are] some of the challenges with having fully informed and freely given consent when you enter into very complex data handling arrangements,” she added.
Individuals have the ability to make a complaint if they feel that their personal information has not been handled in accordance with the legislative requirements, and the OAIC has had 20 “contacts” in relation to the CDR system.
“We have a triaging role so that consumers who are engaging in the system don’t need to navigate government in order to make a complaint or make an inquiry, so they’ll come to our office and we’ll triage them to the appropriate entity,” deputy commissioner Elizabeth Hampton explained.
She said of those 20 contacts, the OAIC has had two complaints and eight inquiries for its office; and nine inquiries and one “report” that have been sent to the ACCC.
While those numbers are low, Falk said they reflect the number of people engaged in the system, expecting the number to grow alongside scheme uptake.
MORE FROM THE OAIC More

Brazil’s National Data Protection Authority (ANPD, in the Portuguese acronym) has informed today (11) that it has started an investigation into the country’s second largest data leak of the year.
The investigation relates to the exposure of data relating to more than 102 million mobile phone lines from two mobile operators, which, according to Brazilian news website Neofeed, included names, taxpayer registration numbers, minutes spent on phone calls and other details, including information relating to president Jair Bolsonaro.

A cybercriminal based outside Brazil who claimed to have obtained 57,2 million customer data sets from Vivo and 45,6 million data sets relating to Claro customers has been selling the data in the dark web, the article said. Cybersecurity and privacy firm Psafe discovered the incident on February 3, but couldn’t find evidence that both mobile operators had actually been the source of the leaks – and both companies deny that any customer data has been leaked.
The data protection authority stated that “it is taking all the appropriate measures” to investigate the case. The ANPD has summoned the Federal Police, as well as “the company that reported the fact and the companies involved”. The idea is that the organizations will help the newly-formed authority, which has released its initial strategy last week, to assist in the investigation and the adoption of actions to contain and mitigate risks related to the personal data of the consumers that have potentially been affected.
The news of the latest leak follow a previous incident earlier this year whereby details of 223 million Brazilians, including deceased citizens, ranging from name, address to current income, personal vehicle information and tax returns were exposed and sold in the dark web. More

Security software specialists Cloudflare this afternoon reported Q4 revenue and profit that topped analysts’ expectations, and forecast this quarter’s sales, and the full year, higher as well, citing health in sales to large enterprises. 
Despite the upbeat report, Cloudflare shares dropped 7% in late trading.
Chief executive and co-founder Matthew Prince called it “a remarkable end to a year we’ll never forget.”
Prince noted the company had “delivered more than 550 products and capabilities during 2020 that also supported needs bigger than all of us—whether it was helping to secure the US election from cyberattacks or ensuring COVID-19 vaccine registration sites withstand demand with Project Fair Shot.
Cloudflare’s revenue in the three months ended in December rose 50%, year over year, to $125.9 million, yielding a net loss of 2 cents a share, excluding some costs.
Analysts had been modeling $118 million in revenue and a 4-cent loss per share.
Cloudflare said it had a dollar-based net retention rate in the quarter of 119%, up 3 percentage points from the prior quarter, which it said was “driven by continued strength from large enterprise customers.”

For the current quarter, the company expects revenue in a range of $130 million to $131 million, and a net loss of 2 cents to 3 cents a share. That compares to consensus for $126 million and a 3-cent loss. 
For the full year, Cloudflare projects revenue of $589 million to $593 million, and a net loss of 8 cents to 9 cents per share. That compares to consensus for $561 million and 9 cents. 

Tech Earnings More

US cloud service provider Accellion has announced the end-of-life for its FTA product after the software has been abused in recent attacks to breach tens of companies and government agencies across the world since December 2020.

Developed in the early 2000s, Accellion’s FTA was among the first products of its kind to provide a simple way to share large files.
Created long before the age of cloud-based products like Box, Dropbox, Google Drive, and OneDrive, companies would buy an FTA license, install the software on their own servers, and use it to allow employees and customers to store and share large files that couldn’t be sent via email.
While Accellion eventually developed better products, such as Kiteworks, which superseded FTA in features and security, many FTA appliances remained in use across thousands of companies and government organizations across the world, even to this day.
The FTA zero-day and subsequent attacks
And as the FTA code aged, security researchers also began finding vulnerabilities in the appliance, most of which were privately reported to the company and fixed before any damage could be done to its customers.
But in December last year, the person who found one of these bugs was a threat actor who began exploiting FTA appliances installed across the world.
The first case of an FTA-linked hack was reported by the Reserve Bank of New Zealand and then followed by other cases at the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC), law firm Allens, the University of Colorado, the Washington State Auditor Office, and this week, at the QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute and Singtel, Singapore’s largest telco.

According to a report from Guide Point Security, the attacker(s) appears to have been using an SQL injection to install a web shell and use this initial access to steal files stored on the FTA appliance.
In a press release [PDF] published on January 11, Accellion said it knew about the attacker’s zero-day vulnerability since mid-December 2020 and had responded by releasing an FTA firmware update within three days of the first attacks.
At the time, Accellion said that based on its data, less than 50 FTA customers appeared to have been attacked, but now, critics believe the company was being too positive in its assessment.
But the team behind infosec podcast Risky Business also noted that the software vendor failed to inform its customers. Besides releasing patches on Christmas Eve, when most IT staffers were away, Accellion didn’t publish patch notes for its firmware update, nor did it assign CVE security bug identifiers to the vulnerabilities it patched.
When IT staff returned from their winter holidays, many didn’t even know that a crucial firmware update was waiting to be applied for days.
Accellion announces official EOL for FTA appliances
Now, the Palo Alto-based company is seeing an ever-increasing fallout from the December 2020 attacks. Every time a new FTA-related hack is discovered and exposed, the company’s reputation takes a hit.
Last week, a Seattle law firm filed the first lawsuit against Accellion in relation to the Washington State Auditor Office, and many others are expected to be filed in the coming months as companies review appliances and discover signs of a breach.
And more hacks are expected to come to light. In a press release on February 1, the company said the initial December 2020 attacks “continued into January 2021.”
Two days later after this press release, Accellion published a PDF on its website announcing a formal end-of-life date for the FTA appliance, scheduled for April 30, 2021. After this date, Accellion said it wouldn’t honor requests to extend FTA appliance licenses.
While Accellion had designated Accellion a legacy product for years, the move to retire the appliance might have come a little bit too late, for both its reputation and its customers’ networks. More

Image: ZDNet
A Spanish student released a free decryption utility that can help victims of the Avaddon ransomware recover their files for free.

ZDNet Recommends

Published on GitHub by Javier Yuste, a student at the Rey Juan Carlos University in Madrid, the AvaddonDecrypter works only in cases where victims have not powered off their computers.
The tool works by dumping an infected system’s RAM and scouring the memory content for data that could be used to recover the ransomware’s original encryption key.
If enough information is recovered, the tool can then be used to decrypt files and help victims recover from Avaddon attacks without needing to pay the gang’s ransom demand.
Avaddon gang fixes their code
But while the tool’s release will most likely help past victims, it won’t be helping companies that fall victim to new Avaddon attacks.
This is because the tool’s release did not go unnoticed. In a forum post on Wednesday, the Avaddon gang said it also learned of Yuste’s decrypter and has already deployed updates to its code, effectively negating the tool’s capabilities.

Image: ZDNet
The Avaddon team’s reaction mirrors how the Darkside ransomware crew also answered the release of a similar decrypter for their own strain last month, in January.

Image: KELA
Infosec experts: Keep some ransomware decrypters private!

In the end, the release of both decryption utilities had a very limited impact. While a few victims were able to decrypt files, once the existence of the decryption tool was made public, the ransomware gangs analyzed how the tools worked and fixed their code within days.
The release of these two tools, along with a blog post from Dutch security firm Eye Control showing how victims could recover from attacks with the Data Doctor ransomware, has rekindled, once again, a years-long conversation in the cyber-security industry about how decryption utilities should be handled and released to victims.
Several prominent security researchers with a long history of helping ransomware victims since the mid-2010s have made their opinions known again over these past two months, highlighting the fact that decryption utilities that take advantage of ransomware encryption bugs should be kept private and distributed to victims via non-public channels rather than advertised online.
Furthermore, even if such tools need to be made public, there should not be any technical details that accompany the tool’s release, details that will obviously help the attackers patch their own code as well.

Good work, but it is nothing sensational… Actually, it would be much more helpful (or maybe even say, only would be helpful) if he not published this only says something like “if you got Avaddon ransomware, contact me immediately”.😫cc @demonslay335
— MalwareHunterTeam (@malwrhunterteam) February 9, 2021

Keep it in you pocket folks! You can help victims and hold that blog post till AFTER the TA patches..win win!
— Bill Siegel (@billseagull) January 9, 2021

You could have just posted that you have a fix for this particular ransomware and ask people to reach out to you. Then reach out to initiatives like NoMoreRansom or communities like BleepingComputer to propagate the news. You know, like everyone else who is responsible.
— Fabian Wosar (@fwosar) January 9, 2021

On the other side, decryption utilities that are built around master decryption keys obtained from the attackers’ servers are OK to share online, as there’s little that ransomware authors can do about these tools.
All in all, seeing how the Avaddon and Darkside groups have reacted —by fixing their encryption schemes within days— it’s hard to argue against the arguments made online over the past two months, namely that some decryption tools should never make it into the public domain. More

If finding the best VPN for your needs was a simple matter of comparing prices and features, this guide would not be essential reading. The fact is you won’t find the right VPN without first understanding how a VPN service accomplishes its primary mission: keeping you safe online.

Fundamentally, most VPNs (virtual private network) provide two services: Encrypting your data between two points and hiding the IP address (from which a general location can be derived) where you’re located. For those traveling or out and about, the first function was critical because most Wi-Fi available publicly is unencrypted — so anyone on the network could see what you were sending. 
But VPNs also serve to hide your IP address, replacing the address logged on servers with one in a completely different location — even a different country. For those worrying about stalking or other threats, this feature could save lives. Most consumers, though, find streaming VPN features compelling because — in some cases, and with dubious legality — it allows them to spoof their region of origin to get access to streaming media and sports blacked out from their home locale.
There is no doubt that you should use a VPN service provider when you’re using public Wi-Fi when away from home. But what about when you’re at home? Should you use a VPN then?
Must read:
My general advice is that it’s not critical for most people at home, since your ISP rarely wants to look at your traffic. But if you live in an apartment with a bunch of curious roommates all sharing one router, a VPN might prove valuable. If you’re connecting to work and want to make sure you’re taking all the precautions you can (and if your employer hasn’t given you a corporate VPN to use) a VPN service would be useful. If you’re connecting to websites that log connection information and you don’t want to leave tracks where you are (especially where your home is), you might want to use a VPN. You get the idea: If you want extra protection at home, then a VPN isn’t a bad idea.
Now, let’s be clear. Using a VPN does add a bit of a load on your computer and can often slow down your connection. That’s because your data is encrypted, decrypted, and sent through intermediate servers. Game responsiveness might suffer. If you’re a first-person shooter player, you might have enough lag to lose the shot. That said, both computers and VPNs have gotten a lot faster. When I first used a VPN, every… thing…slowed… down… to… an… unbearable… c-r-a-w-l. But now, the negative impact is almost unnoticeable, and at least one service we spotlight below (Hotspot Shield) actually increased performance, making it one of the fastest VPNs we’ve seen.

Also, most (but not all!) of the providers we spotlight limit the number of devices you can connect simultaneously, so you may have to pick and choose which home devices connect through a VPN.
We’re also spotlighting paid services in this article, although some of them offer a free tier. I generally don’t recommend free VPN services because I don’t consider them secure. Think about this: Running a VPN service requires hundreds of servers across the world and a ton of networking resources. It’s boo-coo expensive. If you’re not paying to support that infrastructure, who is? Probably advertisers or data miners. If you use a free service, your data or your eyeballs will probably be sold, and that’s never a good thing. After all, you’re using a VPN so your data remains secure. You wouldn’t want to then have all that data go to some company to sift through — it completely defeats the purpose.
Before we jump into our cornucopia of VPN services, I want to make it clear that no one tool can guarantee your privacy. First, anything can be hacked. But more to the point, a VPN protects your data from your computer to the VPN service. It doesn’t protect what you put on servers. It doesn’t protect your data from the VPN provider’s VPN servers to whatever site or cloud-based application you’re using. It doesn’t give you good passwords or multifactor authentication. Privacy and security require you to be diligent throughout your digital journey, and VPNs, while quite helpful, are not a miracle cure.
In this article, we look at a bunch of our favorite VPN solutions. We’ll cover many of the best VPN service providers, how to access the native VPNs built into your desktop machine, and even how to use your NAS as a VPN client and host. If you’re curious about VPNs, you can learn a lot more in our massive VPN FAQ.
We’ll also dig back into what makes the best VPNs tick and answer some more of your questions at the end of this article, so read on. But first, our picks for the best VPNs of 2021.
Best VPN providers
If you’re curious about how VPNs work or what a VPN provider can do for you, here’s a great VPN overview article. Now that you understand how a VPN service can help keep you safe, let’s kick it off with our list of recommended service providers.

A top-rated VPN provider
Photo by Christian Englmeier on Unsplash
Simultaneous Connections: 5
Kill Switch: Yes
Platforms: A whole lot
Logging: No browsing logs, some connection logs
Countries: 94
Locations: 160
Trial/MBG: 30 days
ExpressVPN is one of the most popular VPN providers out there, offering a wide range of platforms and protocols. Platforms include Windows, Mac, Linux, routers, iOS, Android, Chromebook, Kindle Fire, and even the Nook device. There are also browser extensions for Chrome and Firefox. Plus, ExpressVPN works with PlayStation, Apple TV, Xbox, Amazon Fire TV, and the Nintendo Switch. There’s even a manual setup option for Chromecast, Roku, and Nvidia Switch.
Also: ExpressVPN review: A VPN speed leader with a secure reputation
With 160 server locations in 94 countries, ExpressVPN has a considerable VPN network across the internet. In CNET’s review of the service, staff writer Rae Hodge reported that ExpressVPN lost less than 2% of performance with the VPN enabled and using the OpenVPN protocol vs. a direct connection.
While the company does not log browsing history or traffic destinations, it does log dates connected to the VPN service, amount transferred, and VPN server location. We do want to give ExpressVPN kudos for making this information very clear and easily accessible.
View Now at ExpressVPN

Leak-free and unlimited connections
Photo by David Clode on Unsplash
Simultaneous Connections: Unlimited
Kill Switch: Yes
Platforms: Windows, Mac, Linux, iOS, Android, Fire TV, Firefox, Chrome
Logging: None, except billing data
Trial/MBG: 30 day
At two bucks a month for a two-year plan (billed in one chunk), Surfshark offers a good price for a solid offering. In CNET’s testing, no leaks were found (and given that much bigger names leaked connection information, that’s a big win). The company seems to have a very strong security focus, offering AES-256-GCM, RSA-2048, and Perfect Forward Secrecy encryption. To prevent WebRTC leaks, Surfshark offers a special purpose browser plugin designed specifically to combat those leaks.
Also: Surfshark VPN review: A feature-rich service with blazing speeds and a security focus
Surfshark’s performance was higher than NordVPN and Norton Secure VPN, but lower than ExpressVPN and IPVanish. That said, Surfshark also offers a multihop option that allows you to route connections through two VPN servers across the Surfshark private network. We also like that the company offers some inexpensive add-on features, including ad-blocking, anti-tracking, access to a non-logging search engine, and a tool that tracks your email address against data breach lists.
View Now at Surfshark

Interesting options to enhance VPN protection
Photo by Karl Köhler on Unsplash
Simultaneous Connections: 6
Kill Switch: Yes
Platforms: Windows, Mac, iOS, Android, Linux, Android TV, Chrome, Firefox
Logging: None, except billing data
Countries: 59
Servers: 5517
Trial/MBG: 30 day
NordVPN is one of the most popular consumer VPNs out there. Last year, Nord announced that it had been breached. Unfortunately, the breach had been active for more than 18 months. While there were failures at every level, NordVPN has taken substantial efforts to remedy the breach.
Also: My in-depth review of NordVPN
In our review, we liked that it offered capabilities beyond basic VPN, including support of P2P sharing, a service it calls Double VPN that does a second layer of encryption, Onion over VPN which allows for TOR capabilities over its VPN, and even a dedicated IP if you’re trying to run a VPN that also doubles as a server. It supports all the usual platforms and a bunch of home network platforms as well. The company also offers NordVPN Teams, which provides centralized management and billing for a mobile workforce.
Also: My interview with NordVPN management on how they run their service
Performance testing was adequate, although ping speeds were slow enough that I wouldn’t want to play a twitch video game over the VPN. To be fair, most VPNs have pretty terrible ping speeds, so this isn’t a weakness unique to Nord. Overall, a solid choice, and with a 30-day money-back guarantee, worth a try.
View Now at NordVPN

Deep capabilities hidden in an easy-to-use app

Simultaneous Connections: Unlimited
Kill Switch: Yes
Platforms: Windows, Mac, iOS, Android, Linux, Chrome, plus routers, Fire Stick, and Kodi
Logging: None, except billing data
Servers: 1,500 
Locations: 75
Trial/MBG: 30 day
IPVanish is a deep and highly configurable product that presents itself as a click-and-go solution. I think the company is selling itself short doing this. A quick visit to its website shows a relatively generic VPN service, but that’s not the whole truth.
Also: My in-depth review of IPVanish
Its UI provides a wide range of server selection options, including some great performance graphics. It also has a wide variety of protocols, so no matter what you’re connecting to, you can know what to expect. The company also provides an excellent server list with good current status information. There’s also a raft of configuration options for the app itself.
In terms of performance, connection speed was crazy fast. Overall transfer performance was good. However, from a security perspective, it wasn’t able to hide that I was connecting via a VPN — although the data transferred was secure. Overall, a solid product with a good user experience that’s fine for home connections as long as you’re not trying to hide the fact that you’re on a VPN.
The company also has a partnership with SugarSync and provides 250GB of encrypted cloud storage with each plan.
View Now at IPVanish

Open source with a dedicated focus on security

Simultaneous Connections: Depends on plan
Kill Switch: Yes
Platforms: Windows, Mac, iOS, Android, Linux, routers
Logging: None, except billing data
Countries: 54
Servers: 1,077
Trial/MBG: 30 day
We really like the ProtonVPN story. The company was created by engineers and scientists who met at CERN (the European Center for Nuclear Research — where the Web was invented) with a focus on creating encrypted email and VPN communications with the idea of protecting the communication of activists and journalists. The company is also headquartered in Switzerland, which has very strong privacy laws.
In terms of product, ProtonVPN has a belt-and-suspenders approach to security, layering strong protocols on top of perfect forward secrecy, on top of strong encryption. Not only does ProtonVPN have a kill switch, but it also has an always-on VPN, which attempts to restore VPN service if it’s dropped mid-communication. Finally, we like that all apps are open source and the company reports that they are independently audited. 
Finally, the company offers a very generous free service, allowing one machine to connect at medium speed, but there doesn’t appear to be any limit to the amount of data used in the free plan.
View Now at Proton

VPN service hosted on its own infrastructure

Simultaneous Connections: 5
Kill Switch: Yes
Platforms: Windows, Mac, iOS, Android, QNAP, Synology, router, TV
Logging: None, except billing data
Servers: 700+ on their own infrastructure 
Locations: 70
Trial/MBG: 30 day
Golden Frog, the company behind VyprVPN, claims to be “A company as old as the Internet itself,” yet its own about page says the company was founded in 2009. Apparently, the founders of Golden Frog were founding companies back in the 90s, and they conflated the two facts. I’m always a bit uncomfortable when a security company conflates facts.
On the plus side, we like that Golden Frog owns and manages its own infrastructure and does not rely on hosting companies. VPN infrastructure is often a murky thing, with the VPN service providers renting time from available data centers in host countries.
The company offers a huge array of client software, including apps for routers and even BlackBerry devices. Apps support key features like a kill switch, a zero-knowledge DNS service, and their own Chameleon VPN protocol for added security. The company’s no-log service was last audited in 2018, so they’re a bit overdue.
Golden Frog, also registered in Switzerland, is a standout in their effort to provide privacy and thwart censorship. When China began its program of deep packet VPN inspection, Golden Frog’s VyprVPN service added scrambled OpenVPN packets to keep the traffic flowing.
View Now at Golden Frog

It’s Norton, a known and trusted brand. What else is there to say?
Photo by John Salvino on Unsplash
Simultaneous Connections: Based on plan
Kill Switch: Yes
Platforms: Windows, Mac, iOS, Android
Logging: None, except billing data
Countries: Unspecified
Locations: Unspecified
Trial/MBG: 60 day
We found performance is middle-of-the-road and platforms are limited to Mac, iOS, Windows, and Android. Don’t even think of using it on routers, Linux, or gaming platforms. Pricing is weirdly and unnecessarily tiered. The service raises its price by ten bucks when you jump from 1 device to 5, and another ten bucks when you jump to ten devices. Given the full ten simultaneous device package is a good deal at $59, it’s odd that it’s nickel-and-diming the lower tiers.
Also: Norton Secure VPN review: More work is needed for this privacy product to shine
We’re recommending Norton not as much because it’s a great VPN (it’s really kinda meh), but because it’s from a brand we’ve long come to know and trust. The company also offers live 24/7 phone support and has an excellent 60-day money-back guarantee. The company also offers a generous 60-day money-back guarantee, but oddly doesn’t promote it. The only place it’s mentioned is deep inside their refund policy document.
View Now at Norton

Clear and understandable instructions

Simultaneous Connections: 12
Kill Switch: Yes
Platforms: Windows, Mac, iOS, Android, Linux, Fire TV, Synology, Kindle, Kodi, and routers
Logging: None, except billing data
Countries: 30+
Servers: 950+
Trial/MBG: 30 day
StrongVPN stands out because its setup, website, and support materials are clear and easy to understand. We found setup to offer just the right amount of explanation when we needed it.
Also: My StrongVPN in-depth review
The fact that StrongVPN doesn’t log anything is a big win, but it’s offset a bit by the fact that our testing showed endpoints can tell you’re using a VPN. To be sure, data is nicely encrypted, but if you’re trying to hide the fact that you’re on a VPN, Strong isn’t for you. That said, it had solid performance, an excellent UI, and did the job. Plus, they recently upped the number of simultaneous connections from five to twelve. That’s nice to see. The company also includes 250 GB of SugarSync secure storage with all plans.
View Now at StrongVPN

Astonishing performance
Photo by Sergi Viladesau on Unsplash
Simultaneous Connections: 5
Kill Switch: Yes
Platforms: Windows, Mac, iOS, Android, Linux, router, TV
Logging: None, except billing data
Countries: 80
Locations: 115
Trial/MBG: 45 days
This is a company that has had some ups and downs in its coverage. That said, the company seems to have resolved its issues successfully. But I’m burying the lede for this story. Here’s what you need to know about Hotspot Shield: performance was astonishing.
Also: My in-depth review of Hotspot Shield
The company kept sending me bragging emails, claiming exceptional performance. Since reviewers often (always) get “we’re the best” emails, it’s something we ignore like the background noise it usually is. But then my editor challenged me to put Hotspot Shield to the test. And you know what? For most countries, while the VPN connection was active, it actually out-performed non-VPN connection speed. Go ahead and read my review. Surprised the heck out of me.
View Now at Hotspot Shield

A bundle of security features beyond VPN
Photo by Steinar Engeland on Unsplash
Simultaneous Connections: 7
Kill Switch: Yes
Platforms: All you’d expect and a lot more
Logging: None, except billing data
Countries: 89
Servers: 6,381
Trial/MBG: 45 days
The CyberGhost client is more than a VPN connection driver. The company’s offering is a decently complete full security system, including ad-blocking, malicious website blocking, online footprint blocking (blocking cookies from dropping), and forced https redirect.
Also: My in-depth review of CyberGhost
With more than 6,000 servers deployed in 89 countries and 112 locations, CyberGhost has a larger number of servers than many of the other VPN providers we surveyed. Performance was adequate. It provided enough bandwidth to stream video and get your job done, but it certainly wasn’t a rocket. Also, if you’re trying to hide the fact that you’re using a VPN, you’ll want to look elsewhere. That said, for a solid overall security package, CyberGhost is a good option.
View Now at CyberGhost

31-day guarantee because sometimes that extra day matters
Photo by Adam Vradenburg on Unsplash
Simultaneous Connections: 10
Kill Switch: Yes
Platforms: Windows, Mac, iOS, Android, Linux, and a lot more
Logging: None, except billing data
Countries: 140
Servers: 2,000
Trial/MBG: 31 day
Most VPN providers license their international server presence from local providers all over the globe. PureVPN doesn’t. They own their own self-managed network of more than 2,000 servers in 140 countries. This allows the company to support its full range of protocols (OpenVPN, L2TP/IPSec, SSTP, and IKEv2). It also offers PPTP, but it’s so porous, you probably shouldn’t use it.
Given the tough times due to the novel coronavirus, PureVPN has sent its support folks home, but they’re up and running providing 24/7 support from the safety of sheltering in place. So even though business isn’t as usual, PureVPN has, like many companies, routed around the problem using internet technology to keep connected. We also like the 31-day money-back guarantee, support for a wide range of devices, including Kodi, Roku, and Boxee boxes. 
View Now at PureVPN

A tremendous number of servers

Simultaneous Connections: 10
Kill Switch: Yes
Platforms: Windows, Mac, iOS, Android, Linux, Chrome, Firefox, Opera
Logging: None, except billing data
Countries: 76
Servers: 17,605
Trial/MBG: 30 day
One of the more interesting aspects of Private Internet Access is the wealth of payment options the company offers. Sure, you can pay by credit card. But you can also pay with cryptocurrencies including BitcoinCash, Bitcoin, Zcash, Ethereum, and Litecoin. If you’re not all up on the crypto-craze but still don’t want to leave a record of your payment, you can use over 100 brands of gift cards, including those from Best Buy, GameStop, Home Depot, Lowes, Target, and Walmart.
The company supports a good range of protocols and you can use it on your customized DD-WRT router. We do like the quick setup, included ad, malware, and tracker blocker, and unlimited bandwidth is always appreciated.
View Now at Private Internet Access

Relative newcomer that keeps improving each time we look at them
Photo by Cephas CC BY-SA 3.0 on Wikipedia
Simultaneous Connections: Unlimited
Kill Switch: Yes
Platforms: Windows, Mac, iOS, Android, Android TV, Linux, Chrome, routers
Logging: None, except billing data
Countries: Unspecified
Locations: Unspecified
Trial/MBG: 30 day
Here’s the thing about Goose VPN. It’s called “goose VPN.” That’s nearly irresistible for a writer. When I asked, I was told geese make excellent guard animals, having performed guard duty in ancient Rome, an Air Defense Command base in Germany, and a brewery in Scotland. Hence Goose VPN, where the goose is the mascot for a service that guards your Internet access.
When I first started talking to the folks at Goose VPN a few years ago, they didn’t offer a kill switch and only had clients for the Big Four. But, as time went on, they’ve been adding features and capabilities regularly and their offering is now a nice, robust system. Plus, here’s something really cool. Unfortunately, since the last time we looked at them, the company ditched its lifetime plan. Now, they offer yearly plan durations similar to their competitors. Finally, the company offers a reasonable 30-day money-back guarantee.
View Now at Goose VPN
Native VPN support on your desktop
If you’re connecting to a corporate VPN, you may not need to purchase a VPN service. All the major desktop operating systems include VPN capabilities. Here’s how to get started using those.

Connect to a corporate VPN with Apple
Photo by Michail Sapiton on Unsplash
If you’re connecting to an existing corporate virtual private network, you may not need an additional service. MacOS comes with native VPN support built right in.
Apple provides VPN support for High Sierra, Mojave, Catalina, and now Big Sur. Just pop open System Preferences, head over to the Network tab, and either import the configuration file you were provided or hit the plus button and add a VPN interface. Here’s a handy tip sheet from Apple that will walk you through the process.
View Now at Apple

Connect to a corporate VPN with Microsoft

If you’re connecting to an established corporate VPN, all you need to do is add a new Windows 10 VPN connection. Point your mouse at the Start menu, hit Settings, then Network & Internet, and then VPN. Make sure you have the connection details provided by work and then click on Add a New VPN Connection. Fill in the form and you’re good to go. Here’s a handy tip sheet from Microsoft.
Windows 10 also allows you to host a VPN server by creating a new incoming network connection, choosing the users who can connect, and telling Windows that the incoming connection is across the internet. You’ll also have to configure your router to allow traffic to your computer. PureInfoTech has a helpful guide for setting it all up.
View Now at Microsoft

Connect your laptop with Google

Sadly, this simple solution isn’t built into the standard Chrome browser. If you’re just using the browser on a Mac or Windows machine, you’ll need a different solution. 
That said, if you’re rocking a Chromebook, all you need to do is open Settings and then Network. Click Add Connection. Then all you need to do is choose between OpenVPN and L2TP over IPSec. Google has a handy cheat sheet right here to guide you through the process. 
View Now at Google

Another reason to love open source
Photo by Rekjezt on Unsplash
WireGuard is Linux’s new baked-in VPN capability. Its code is relatively simple and small, making it far easier to maintain, test, and debug. Linus Torvalds, Mr. Linux himself, calls WireGuard “a work of art.”
Also: Linux’s WireGuard VPN is here and ready to protect you
So what do you need to set up WireGuard? More and more of the VPNs we spotlighted support WireGuard right out of the box. You can download it for Linux. But you can also download a package for Windows, Mac, iOS, Android, and FreeBSD. It’s like most open source products, in that you’ll need to do some reading and thinking to make it work. But it’s free, solid, safe, and, as Linus says, “Can I just once again state my love for it.” 
View Now at WireGuard
VPN for your whole home network
Many of the commercial VPN services discussed above offer router-based VPN solutions. Even though I have a pretty powerful router, I prefer to run my VPN on my NAS. Here are two NAS-based VPN solutions that will get you connected securely.

Built-in VPN app on the NAS

If you have a NAS like the top-reviewed Synology, you may already have a NAS app you can set up and protect your whole home network. The Synology server has a very capable little VPN built-in, and it’s available free to anyone with the NAS.
If you want to go a step further and use some Synology-exclusive VPN services like Synology SSL VPN, clientless WebVPN, and remote desktop, as well as a site-to-site VPN service, you can do so using the Synology router I reviewed last year. That service is called VPN Plus and it normally costs $9.99 per concurrent user. But because of COVID-19, Synology’s offering free VPN Plus between now and September.
View Now at Synology

A mini-FAQ about VPNs
I answered a bunch of common questions above our big list of the best VPNs for 2021. But here’s a quick lightning round of questions and answers about VPNs, just to round out your knowledge.
Do VPN providers limit usage? Some do. Check when you sign up. For non-free plans, none of the providers we recommended limit the amount of data you can use. But almost all limit how many devices you can use at once.
What does logging really mean? Logging is the recording of data about your usage and it occurs everywhere. Every website, at minimum, records an IP address, time, and data accessed so they can track traffic. All VPN providers have to check credentials against recorded personal data to make sure you paid, but a few let you sign up with Bitcoin, allowing you to completely hide your identity. When we say a VPN doesn’t log data, we mean they don’t track what sites you visit and for how long, but they may track how much of their own infrastructure you use.
Is it legal to use a VPN? Yes, in most countries. Some countries (and you should read my guide for more in-depth info) have made VPN use illegal. And even in countries where it’s legal, it’s likely to be illegal to use a VPN to spoof a streaming service into giving you content that otherwise wouldn’t be accessible. Plus…
Can I use a VPN to get free Netflix or watch a blacked-out sports event? Sometimes, but it’s likely illegal and probably fattening. There’s an ongoing arms race where the media vendors are getting better at identifying and blocking VPN connections, so each case is different. And that’s all we can say about it, because… illegal.
If I have a VPN to my office, do I need a VPN service? The VPN to your office will secure your link to your office. If you want to secure your link to anywhere else, you’ll need a VPN service.
Should I use a VPN on my phone or tablet? If it’s your data and you want it to be secure, yes. The same choices are valid regardless of what kind of device you use to transmit and receive data over the Internet.
What’s this kill switch thing? So let’s say you’re surfing along and all of a sudden your VPN connection fails. Your phone or computer is likely to immediately try to reconnect and do so directly, without going through a VPN. All of a sudden your data is unprotected. A kill switch is a feature in your device’s VPN app that detects that connection fail and immediately shuts down network access. Like with everything, it’s not a 100% perfect solution, but these days, I wouldn’t recommend using a VPN that doesn’t offer a kill switch.
What do simultaneous connections mean and why should I care? I’ll give you a personal example. When I travel, I often take my laptop and my tablet. I use the laptop to write and I use the tablet as a second screen to look stuff up. I have two connections I’m using at once and I want my VPN to protect both. If my wife is also doing the same thing, that’s four connections. Add our phones and you have six connections. If we’re using all those devices at once that’s simultaneous connections. The more the better.
What about all those weird protocol words? If you’ve been shopping for a VPN service, you’ve undoubtedly come across a bunch of names like SSL, OpenVPN, SSTP, L2TP/IPSec, PPP, PPTP, IKEv2/IPSec, SOCKS5, and more. These are all communication protocols. They are, essentially, the name of the method by which your communication is encrypted and packaged for tunneling to the VPN provider. To be honest, while VPN geeks can argue over protocols for hours, you’re probably good enough if you just use the default set up by your provider.
How to choose
I could write an entire article about how VPNs work and how to choose, and, in fact, I did. Rather than repeating it all here, I’m just going to point you to How to find the best VPN service: Your guide to staying safe on the internet.
Must read:
Our process
This list did not involve as much original research and testing as some of my other recommendation lists. That’s because I’ve been writing VPN articles every month or so since early 2017. I have looked at a lot of VPN providers.
Many of the providers recommended in this list have been subject to in-depth testing and reviews, written either by me or by CNET’s product evaluation team. (See: The best VPN services for 2021.) For those, we have tangible testing numbers. Other VPNs have been ones we’ve been talking about for years, spoken with their management and their users, and have developed a generally positive impression.

A few of the VPNs (Hotspot Shield, in particular) had a more rocky road. They had some tough PR at the beginning and made some seemingly ludicrous claims about speed. It wasn’t until I brought them in house and pounded on them for a few weeks that I realized that their claims were justified. Sometimes, products just surprise you.
But here’s the thing: All these vendors have solid money-back guarantees and we would not have recommended them otherwise. We do test VPN services from multiple locations, but we can’t test from all locations. Every home, every community, every local ISP, and every nation has a different infrastructure. It’s essential that once you choose, you test for all your likely usage profiles, and only then make the decision to keep the service or request a refund.
One thing to consider is whether you’re looking for a solution for working at home vs. traveling. For example, if you travel rarely (even before COVID-19), have strong bandwidth at home, and have a NAS or a server box, you might want to VPN to your home server from your machine’s native client, and then out to the world. If you’re newly home for the duration and your company has a dedicated VPN, you’ll want to use whatever process they’ve set out for you.But, generally speaking, it doesn’t hurt to have a VPN provider already set up and in your kit bag. Most home-based traffic won’t require VPN usage, but if you’re on any sort of shared connection, having a VPN provider is a good idea. Also, if you ever think you’ll need to access the Internet from out and about — like a hospital or doctor’s office, then having a VPN provider can be a win. Likewise, if you want to obscure where you’re connecting from (this might be more important now that we’re always in the same place all day), a VPN provider might help.
Finally, don’t expect miracles. Your home-based pandemic broadband pipes are likely to be more clogged than ever before. Everyone is at home, many people are streaming movies to stay sane, and there are only so many bits that can fit at any given time. If you experience traffic slowdowns, be sure to check not only your VPN, but your Wi-Fi connection between your device and your router, your connection to your broadband provider, and even their connection to upstream providers.
That said, we’re all in this together. Hang in there and stay safe. How are you managing your home-based networking? Let us know in the comments below.
You can follow my day-to-day project updates on social media. Be sure to follow me on Twitter at @DavidGewirtz, on Facebook at Facebook.com/DavidGewirtz, on Instagram at Instagram.com/DavidGewirtz, and on YouTube at YouTube.com/DavidGewirtzTV.

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KeepChange, a Bitcoin exchange portal that launched last year, said it was hacked over the weekend but that security safeguards it had in place stopped the intruders from stealing user funds.

“Bitcoin withdrawal requests were initiated from customer accounts to an address belonging to attackers,” the Bitcoin marketplace said in a blog post this week.
“One of our control subsystems kicked in and stopped those withdrawal requests, and no Bitcoin is stolen from KeepChange.”
However, the exchange said that while hackers were unsuccessful in stealing user funds, they managed to steal some of its customers’ personal data. This included details such as names, email addresses, trade counts, total traded amounts, and hashed passwords.
“Even though passwords were hashed and they are very unlikely to be retrieved from the hashed form, we recommend changing your password as soon as possible. If you have used the same password on other sites, we recommend that you change them as well,” KeepChange told its customers on Tuesday.
KeepChange has halted funds withdrawals on the platform until today, Thursday, February 11, to give users time to change passwords and enable various security features for their accounts.
Among these are two-factor authentication (2FA), which the company urged users to enable for their accounts.

Furthermore, KeepChange took the rare step of forcibly enabling a security feature for all users. Named Login Guard, once enabled, users won’t be able to access their accounts unless they open a verification link they receive via email.
News of the KeepChange attack came on the same day that Japanese news agency Nikkei reported that North Korean state-sponsored hackers stole an estimated total of $316 million from cryptocurrency exchanges in 2019 and 2020.
A Chainanlysis report published yesterday also blamed North Korean hackers for most cryptocurrency exchange hacks, including the theft of $150 million from KuCoin, last year’s biggest hack.
KeepChange said it’s still investigating the breach, but at this point, it wouldn’t surprise any cryptocurrency expert if the exchange confirms it was targeted by Pyongyang hackers. More